Restless legs syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom disease, is a neurological disorder characterised by an overwhelming urge to move the legs, often triggered by uncomfortable sensations. These sensations typically occur in the evening or at night, especially when a person is sitting or lying down. Although moving the legs temporarily relieves the discomfort, the symptoms often return, making it difficult to relax and sleep.

RLS can begin at any age and tends to worsen as a person grows older. Its impact on sleep can significantly interfere with daily activities and overall quality of life.

Symptoms of Restless Legs Syndrome

The primary symptom of RLS is the persistent urge to move the legs, accompanied by sensations such as:

• Discomfort during rest: Unpleasant feelings often emerge after periods of inactivity, such as sitting in a car, airplane, or movie theatre.
• Temporary relief with movement: Symptoms usually subside with activities like stretching, jiggling the legs, pacing, or walking.
• Increased symptoms in the evening: The discomfort is typically more intense at night.
• Nighttime leg twitching: RLS is sometimes linked to periodic limb movement of sleep, a condition causing involuntary leg twitching and kicking during sleep.

People commonly describe RLS sensations as crawling, creeping, pulling, throbbing, aching, itching, or electric. These feelings usually occur on both sides of the body and are felt deep within the legs, though they can also affect the arms.

Impact on Daily Life

The severity of RLS symptoms can vary widely. For some, the condition is mildly uncomfortable, while for others, it can severely impact their quality of life. Difficulty falling or staying asleep is common, leading to excessive daytime drowsiness. In severe cases, the disruption of sleep can contribute to depression and other mood disorders.

While the sensations of RLS are challenging to describe, they are distinct from muscle cramps or numbness. The hallmark of the condition is the irresistible need to move the legs, which may improve or worsen over time. In some cases, symptoms may even disappear for a period, only to return later.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of RLS is often unknown, but research suggests it may be related to an imbalance of dopamine, a brain chemical responsible for controlling muscle movements. The condition sometimes runs in families, particularly when it begins before the age of 40. Genetic factors have been identified on certain chromosomes that may contribute to RLS.

Pregnancy, particularly in the third trimester, or hormonal changes can exacerbate RLS symptoms. However, these symptoms typically subside after childbirth. While RLS can develop at any age, it becomes more common as people age and is more prevalent in women.

Although RLS is usually not associated with serious underlying medical conditions, it can co-occur with other health issues such as peripheral neuropathy, iron deficiency, kidney failure, spinal cord conditions, and Parkinson's disease.

Managing Restless Legs Syndrome

For those with mild RLS that isn’t linked to an underlying health condition, simple lifestyle changes can often provide relief. These may include:

• Avoiding evening stimulants like caffeine, tobacco, and alcohol.
• Quitting smoking.
• Engaging in regular daily exercise, while avoiding strenuous activity close to bedtime.
• Practicing good sleep hygiene, such as maintaining a consistent sleep schedule, avoiding naps, and relaxing before bed.

During an RLS episode, the following measures may help alleviate symptoms:

• Massaging the legs.
• Taking a hot bath in the evening.
• Applying a warm compress to leg muscles.
• Engaging in distracting activities like reading or watching television.

If RLS symptoms interfere with your sleep, cause daytime drowsiness, or significantly impact your quality of life, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional. They can offer medications and other treatments to help manage the condition.